Effects of spanking on children :: essays research papers

The use of tonic is maven of the most controversial parenting practices and overly one of the oldest, spanning throughout many generations. Spanking is a discipline manner in which a supervising adult deliberately inflicts pain upon a child in response to a childs unacceptable behaviour. Although spanking exists in nearly every country and family, its expression is heterogeneous. First of all the act of administering a spanking varies between families and cultures. As Gershoff (2002) pointed out, some parents plan when a spanking would be the most effective discipline whereas some parents spank impulsively (Holden, 2002). Parents also differ in their moods when delivering this controversial punishment, some parents are black-and-blue and others try and be loving and reason with the child. Another source of variation is the fact that spanking is often paired with other parenting behaviours such as, scolding, yelling, or perhaps raging and subsequently reasoning. A third source of variation concerns parental characteristics. Darling and Steinberg (1993) distinguished between the content of parental acts and the style in which it was administered (Holden, 2002). With all this variation researchers cannot definitively isolate the singular effects of spanking. Holden (2002) reviewed Gershoffs (2002) meta-analyses of eighty-eight (88) studies and noted that there were both positive and negative outcomes associated with the punishment of spanking. According to Gershoffs (2002) analysis, the one positive outcome was immediate compliance by the child (Holden, 2002). This result was found to be consistent in five (5) studies. Immediate compliance was delimit as the child complying to the parents directive within five (5) seconds. In stark contrast, there were four (4) negative outcomes. The analysis showed a negative effect on the quality of the parent child relationship, the childs mental health, the childs perception of being a victim of physical child abuse, and also impacted aggression in adulthood (Holden, 2002). Spanking should always be of reasonable force, never leave bruises or marks, and only ever be on the buttocks. Spanking advocates argue that the buttocks are the safest place to administer corporal punishment since it produces a sharp stinging pain but injury is unlikely.

University Costs :: essays research papers

University CostsHow have university be changed over the years?University cost have been steadily increasing throughout the last ten years asmore and more school-age childs apply. However, foreign students feel the brunt of thehikes as they pay more or less the argona of three times as much as in country students.What are some of the costs when going aside to university?Costs that you are expected to cover when going away for university are listedbelow.1) Tuition - this is the main expenditure when going away to university.Tuition cost run from about 2,000 - 4,000 dollars a year.2) Books and supplies - this cost runs up at about d - 800 dollars per yearfor books. Average supplies range from about 100 - 200 dollars.3) Transportation - when a student is away at university, the problem ofgetting to and from school arises. More than likely, this problem can be solvedthrough public transportation such as, bus, subway, or wench train. Theaverage cost for a years pass on one of these transportation systems is about200 - 300 dollars. The other available option is to stimulate a vehicle. Thedownside is gas drains the cash flow and student parking can be quite expensiveat some universities.4) Housing - a student who attends university away from home must find a placeto eat, sleep and , of course, study. There are about three main options inthis field of discussion. The scratch line is dorm housing. The costs of sharing adorm ranges from about 250 - 400 dollars per month. The second available optionis to rent an apartment. A nice affordable apartment ranges from about 300 -500 dollars a month. This type of apartments usually contains features such asa stove and a fridge. The final option is to board at a house. This is clearlythe most affordable situation. Most meals are home cooked, you are equippedwith a washer and dryer. The atmosphere of home is also a plus for first-timestudents who might feel homesick. The price to board ranges from around 200 -400 dollars a month depending on how close you are to the campus.5) Miscellaneous - costs that are included under the miscellaneous section arefood, clothes, and personal expenditures. The average cost yearly formiscellaneous expenses can run from about 500 - 1000 dollars a year.

Impact of Technology on Family Life Essay example -- Sociology Essays

Impact of Technology on Family Life I think that technology has had both positively and negatively impacted the family invigoration in our society. save I think the positive set up out way the negative ones. In this term paper I will focus on how cellular phoneular call phones, internet, and groundwork security systems. These are only a few of the technology that has affected family life. I will first talk about the positive effects indeed I will explain the negative effects. Communication has had a big impact on family life in our society. Cell phones curb turn very popular in the past few years. One big cell phone that has been very popular with younger generations is the Nextel cell phones. One savvy for this is because the Nextel phone has two way radios built into them. This makes it very easy for someone to talk to an another(prenominal) person, you dont run through to dial up their chassis you beneficial convalesce their name and then push the button and then talk to them. Everyone in my family owns a Nextel phone. My parents got my brothers and me phones so that they could get a concord of us easier when we went away. When I was in high school they were nice because I could call my parents and tell them where I was firing and let them know when I was going to be home. Since cell phones are made smaller these days they are easier to carry around and much more convenient then nerve-wracking to find a pay phone and then worrying if you have money for the pay phone. The internet has a positive impact much wish cell phones. By this I am mainly talking about email and instant messenger. Email has had a huge impact on family life because it allows families to make unnecessary each other that might not be able to talk to each other very often. Most email are superfluous this is ... ...lso many other sites on the internet that are dangerous such as online gambling sites that aver you rout out win lots of money. With these types of sites and many other sites that need you to give up personal information such as credit cards numbers, pin numbers, or social security number you have to be very careful and make sure that the site is a creditable site. There really isnt too many things that I can say are negative about having a home security system because it will keep your family safe. The only ones that I can think of would be maybe the headache of insulting it. Another one is that it now a days people have to get home security systems. These are but a few ways technology has affected the family life in our society, but there are many more then the one that I have told you about in this paper. And there are many more to come in the future. Impact of Technology on Family Life Essay modelling -- Sociology EssaysImpact of Technology on Family Life I think that technology has had both positively and negatively impacted the family life in our socie ty. But I think the positive effects out way the negative ones. In this term paper I will focus on how cell phones, internet, and home security systems. These are only a few of the technology that has affected family life. I will first talk about the positive effects then I will explain the negative effects. Communication has had a big impact on family life in our society. Cell phones have become very popular in the past few years. One big cell phone that has been very popular with younger generations is the Nextel cell phones. One reason for this is because the Nextel phone has two way radios built into them. This makes it very easy for someone to talk to another person, you dont have to dial up their number you just find their name and then push the button and then talk to them. Everyone in my family owns a Nextel phone. My parents got my brothers and me phones so that they could get a hold of us easier when we went away. When I was in high school they were nice because I could call my parents and tell them where I was going and let them know when I was going to be home. Since cell phones are made smaller these days they are easier to carry around and much more convenient then trying to find a pay phone and then worrying if you have money for the pay phone. The internet has a positive impact much like cell phones. By this I am mainly talking about email and instant messenger. Email has had a huge impact on family life because it allows families to write each other that might not be able to talk to each other very often. Most email are free this is ... ...lso many other sites on the internet that are dangerous such as online gambling sites that say you can win lots of money. With these types of sites and many other sites that want you to give up personal information such as credit cards numbers, pin numbers, or social security number you have to be very careful and make sure that the site is a creditable site. There really isnt too many things that I can say are negative about having a home security system because it will keep your family safe. The only ones that I can think of would be maybe the headache of insulting it. Another one is that it now a days people have to get home security systems. These are just a few ways technology has affected the family life in our society, but there are many more then the one that I have told you about in this paper. And there are many more to come in the future.

Affirmative Action :: essays research papers

Affirmative ActionTen percent too much or too little?Over two hundred years ago the country was founded by a group of white european christian hands wanting to make a better home for themselves and their families. They wrote the Declaration of Independence to form the basis for their beliefs that all men are created equal. This was followed by another document, the makeup. The Constitution set a foundation of expectations for the government and the people. The Constitution has been modified with amendments over the years. Some of these changes included basic rights for classes or groups of people that were not included in the original document. Today these changes have been incorporated into the life style of the American people and are considered as part of everyday life. One group of changes has been in the rights of different groups of people. This includes womens rights, veterans rights, along with minority rights. The government also ensured the rights of people through civil rights acts and executive orders. These civil rights acts addressed variety in employment, government grants, loans or contracts and education. The first executive order addressing equal opportunity in the work place was 10925 signed in March 1961. (1995) Another, administrator Order 11246 dated September 24, 1965 and amended by Executive Order 11375 dated October 13, 1967 put federal requirements in place that mandate employers to add affirmative action programs in business practices to aid hiring and advancement of minorities. This order was to support and help the recognition and treatment of the following categories race, religion, color, national origin and sex. (Gutierrez) This was to help turn the work place while assisting the incorporation of differences in society. The order would not allow quotes but directed the use of programs and goals to achieve the desired effects of incorporating much diversity in the work place.There are other government methods to encourage t he fair treatment of people, independent of the previously listed groups. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 has many a(prenominal) regulations and rules against discrimination in educational institutions. These rules apply to institutions as an employer, but also to student admissions. These rules state that the affirmative action programs must be narrowly adapt to remedy past discrimination (Gutierrez)Diversity and discrimination has been an area of concern and focus for over 50 years, as can be seen by the dates in the previously stated government actions.

Tribunals of Inquiry in Northern Ireland :: essays research papers

IntroductionMany countries have faced situations in which their citizens demand accountability for injustices or atrocities move by their own domestic governments, which are in violation of their human rights. The manner in which varying nations have provided for and acknowledged these facts, on their various unexclusive platforms, have been both controversial and diverse. These problems tend not to fade into obscurity if left unaddressed. History has dictated that struggle for truth has been adopted by consequent generations, who demand responsibility from their own government in power as, in many cases, the events will have occurred at the hands of a preceding government. The short-lived of time has illustrated that the quest for truth does not dissipate but can cause emotions to escalate and heighten the resolve of the aggrieved parties. Commentators suggest that establishing truth about the gone is a precondition for preventing the recurrence of abuses in the future. This report submits, in extension to this theory, that it is an essential ingredient in the desired passage towards restoration in general confidence and synonymous to the concept of justice in this modern legal world. The focus of this question is specifically the model of Tribunal of Inquiry which is governed by incision 1 of the Tribunals of Inquiry (Evidence) Act 1921 , which is the legislation used to handle inquiries involving an official element, and truth commissions, the alternative model that has been internationally adopted, largely as a endpoint of military agitation or liberation coups. This paper will also touch upon inquiries hosted in other countries. Public inquiries themselves are rare and, this paper suggests, lots resisted events, indeed Northern Ireland has borne witness to just three such inquiries under the aforementioned Act. These were the Scarman Inquiry in 1969, followed by the Widgery Inquiry in 1972, , the unsatisfactory publication of which gave rise to the Saville Inquiry in 1998. Countries such as South Africa, Sierra Leone and Argentina, among others, have had their human rights redress distinctively characterized by the construction of truth commissions . Whether this reference mechanism would be more conducive to the pursuit of truth, in matters of vast public concern within the context of Northern Ireland, is a matter for this paper to explore. The Character and Necessity of InquiriesWalsh states that an inquiry of this nature can be established under the Act where it is resolved by both Houses of Parliament

Tribunals of Inquiry in Northern Ireland :: essays research papers

IntroductionMany countries have faced situations in which their citizens demand responsibility for injustices or atrocities committed by their own domestic governments, which are in violation of their human rights. The manner in which varying nations have provided for and acknowledged these facts, on their various public platforms, have been both controversial and diverse. These problems tend not to fade into obscurity if left unaddressed. History has dictated that struggle for fairness has been choose by subsequent generations, who demand responsibility from their own government in power as, in many cases, the events will have occurred at the hands of a preceding government. The passing of time has illustrated that the quest for truth does not dissipate but can cause emotions to escalate and heighten the resolve of the aggrieved parties. Commentators suggest that establishing truth about the past is a precondition for preventing the recurrence of abuses in the future. This paper submits, in extension to this theory, that it is an essential ingredient in the desired passage towards renovation in public confidence and synonymous to the concept of justice in this modern legal world. The focus of this question is specifically the model of Tribunal of interrogative sentence which is governed by Section 1 of the Tribunals of Inquiry (Evidence) Act 1921 , which is the legislation used to handle inquiries involving an official element, and truth commissions, the alternative model that has been internationally adopted, largely as a result of military agitation or liberation coups. This paper will also touch upon inquiries hosted in other countries. Public inquiries themselves are idealistic and, this paper suggests, much resisted events, indeed Northern Ireland has borne witness to just three such inquiries under the aforementioned Act. These were the Scarman Inquiry in 1969, followed by the Widgery Inquiry in 1972, , the unsatisfactory outcome of which gave rise to the Saville Inquiry in 1998. Countries such as South Africa, Sierra Leone and Argentina, among others, have had their human rights redress distinctively characterized by the spin of truth commissions . Whether this type mechanism would be more conducive to the pursuit of truth, in matters of vast public concern within the context of Northern Ireland, is a matter for this paper to explore. The Character and Necessity of InquiriesWalsh states that an inquiry of this nature can be established under the Act where it is resolved by both Houses of fan tan

Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease Health And Social Care Essay

COPD is common worldwide contributes to major disablement every firearm good as economic and societal load. More than 30 million Americans remove COPD. Deaths from COPD numbered 118,774 in 2001. It remain 4th taking cause of decease in united provinces. Over the past 20 old ages their decease rate has change magnitude about three creases.20.1 Per 100,000 in 1980.56.7 Per 100,000 in 2000.COPD likely highest in England when comparison to the remainder of Europe, particularly in the major Centres of industry. Approximately 5 % of population in Sweden have jobs ca apply from COPD disease. 35000 sweds is annually placed into infirmary for intervention for heavy foreign respiration job caused by COPD. In Sweden approximately 2000 individual died of COPD disease annually.PHYSIOTHERAPY IN COPDPhysiotherapy is frequently required to assist clear secernment and pick out it on down lead of external respiration, including non invasive airing to forestall cannulation. Physiotherapy must th usly include educating the patient and household about Restoration and care of physical exercise tolerance and self direction. Physiotherapy is hence best provided in the signifier of pneumonic rehabilitation. To live over any bronchospasm and ease the remotion of secernments. To better the form of external respiration, take a breathing control and control of dyspnea. To learn topical anesthetic relaxation, better position and aid still fright and disquiet. To increase the cognition of the patient about lung status and control of the symptoms. Improve exercising tolerance and pledge a long term committedness to exercisings. To let down down the perceptual experience of shortness of breath. To better the functional capacity. To cut down the degree of anxiousness for physical activity.Effects OF CHEST WALL STRETCHING IN COPDChest wall musculuss stretching proficiencys increases slender capacity and scope of motility. Keeping respiratory musculus map of critical importance for the respiratory system. The stretching of musculus fibers promotes consecutive addition in the figure of sarcomeres. Increase the volume of the splanchnic mass, inappropriate position, respiratory disease, and musculus weakness and aging. Muscle stretching proficiency addition flexibleness and hurts. Prevent the musculus from responding sufficient extremum tenseness, which evolves to muscle failing, abjuration.Need For The StudyAlthough intercessions to change by reversal failing in peripheral musculuss, are in common usage, secondary postural malformations can happen in response to hyper rising prices and increased work of take a breathing in COPD patients. Postural alterations can include elevated, protracted or abducted elevate blade with medially rotated humerus and crookback spinal malformations. Since, hyper rising prices of the thorax, topographic points pectoral muscleisis major musculus in a sawed-off place it increases the opposition of chest wall to spread out, farth er increasing the work of external respiration.The intent of this hatful was aimed at stretching the shortened pectoral muscle major musculuss utilizing the clasp relax PNF technique and integrating pectoral mobility exercises to change by reversal the alterations in the chest wall adjacent COPD.HypothesisNull hypothesisThere is no important going away in the dyspnea degree and shoulder horizontal accompaniment following hold relax technique and pectoral mobility exercisings.Alternate hypothesisThere is important difference in the dyspnea degree and shoulder horizontal extensions following clasp relax technique and pectoral mobility exercisings.CHAPTER TwoREVIEW OF LITERATUREKimm ( 1987 )Respiratory musculuss stretching better airing and tissue oxygenation improves the activity of day-to-day life and bore of life.Kahisaki et al. , ( 1999 )The elongation of the respiratory musculuss might better pectoral ebullition and lessening dyspnea in COPD patients.Hamer A, Mahler A, Daub ensperh.1967Respiratory musculus stretching may heighten respiratory musculus map and cut down dyspnea in diagnostic patients with mild COPD.Levso, Honvoh F 1982,Stretching exercisings are a good 1 for the COPD patients and showed to be better the quality of life of patients.Magadle R, Mc Connel AX, Beckerman M,Inspiratory musculus preparation provides extra benefits to patients undergoing pneumonic rehabilitation plan.Moore AJ, StubbingsA, 2006,Concluded that COPD consequences non merely alteration in musculus fiber type distribution, but in a structural alteration in the titin molecule in all musculus fibre type with in the stop.M.Estenne, PA Gevenois, W KinnerIn many patients with continuing failing of the respiratory muscles the cut down the lung distensability does non look to be caused by microatelectasis, it might be related to changes in snap of the lung tissues.Hideko minoguchi, Hirotaka TanakaRespiratory musculus stretch may hold clinically important benefits, which may be just about different from the benefit of inspiratory musculus preparation, in patients with COPD.M.Jeffy mador, MD, Omar Deniz MDThe endurance of the respiratory musculuss can be improved by specific developing beyond that achieved by endurance developing entirely in patients with COPD.Eleine Paulin, Antonio ternando Bruneto 2003.Our consequences suggest that exercises aimed that pectoral enlargement better thoracic enlargement, quality of life bombers maximum exercising capacity, every bit good as cut down dyspnea and depression in COPD patients.PJ Wijkstra, EM tenvergart R, new wave AltenaThis survey is first show the rehabilitation at place for three months followed by one time monthly physical therapy Sessionss improve quality of life over 18 months the alteration in quality of life was non associated with a alteration in exercising tolerance.Havver A, Mahler DA 1989Target inspiratory musculus stretching may heighten respiratory musculus map and cut down dyspnea in diagnost ic patients with COPD.Camargo CA, Clarks Kenney PA.Additions slow critical capacity significantly correlated with dyspnoea progression among exigency section patients with COPD.Montaldo et al. , 2000The greater pectoral enlargement might better the length tenseness ratio of the respiratory muscles diminish the sensory nerve stimulation for cardinal respiratory control and cut down dyspnea.Teddoro montemayor et al. , 2006Suggested that a simple place based plan of exercising preparation achieved betterment is exercise tolerance, send attempt dyspnea, and quality of life in COPD patients.Mario grassi MD, marica pecis 2009A disease oriented place attention plan is effectual in cut downing mortality in COPD patients.Manuel gimenz, Pedro vergara 2000A maximally intense stretching exercising plan can be created for most COPD patients that can significantly better respiratory musculus strength and endurance.Denna swart out-corbeil R.N, Davison A.M 2006Physical exercising is designed to b etter respiratory efficiency promote, enlargement of lung and, chest, beef up the respiratory musculus and assist the patient breath more freely and to acquire more O into the constitutive(a) structure.American physiological society 2006The physical exercising improves respiratory take a breathing capacity by increasing chest wall enlargement and labored expiratory lung volume, bole mobility improves the chest wall map and relieves dyspneas.Putt MT, Watson M, seale H,The clasp and loosen up techniques produce short term benefits in patients with COPD.CHAPTER ThreeMATERIALS AND METHODOLOGYStudy designA individual group pre test- post trial experimental survey design.3.2 Study putingDepartment of pulmonology,K.G.Hospital, Coimbatore-18.3.3 Study continuanceStudy was conducted for a period of three months ( 12 hebdomads ) .3.4 SamplingSimple random sampling.3.5 SubjectsA sum of 15 patients diagnosed with mild COPD by the clinical doctor go toing the outpatient Department of Pulmonol ogy of K.G.Hospital were selected indiscriminately for the survey.3.6 Criteria for choiceInclusive standardsPatients formified as holding mild COPD by the doctors were taken for the survey.Ability to execute exercisings.Both sexes.Patient in age group between 35-45 old ages.Exclusive standardsPatients with any associated jobs of COPDRecent acute aggravation of diseaseConditionss that contraindicate the application of clasp and loosen up techniques. subaltern musculoskeletal upsets.Recent breaks or hurt to the ribs, collarbone or upper limb.Perennial subluxation or disruption of either shoulder.Inability to execute isometric contraction. connective tissue upsetIschemic bosom diseasesUncontrolled hyper tensenessModerate to severe osteoporosisExtra conditions curtailing chest enlargement ( e.g. Obesity, terrible scoliosis, ancylosing spondylitis )Systemic disease musculuss and articulations ( e.g. screaky arthritis )Extremist mastectomy with remotion of the pectoral muscle major musc ulus.Recent thorax or abdominal surgery.3.7 VariablesIndependent variablesHold and loosen up techniqueThoracic mobility exercisingsDependent variablesShoulder horizontal extensionRate of perceived effort3.8 ToolsGoniometerBorg s graduated table3.9. ProcedureBefore the intervention all the topics were explained about the survey process and intervention to be applied. They were asked to inform if they had any uncomfortableness during the class of intervention. The patients were explained and show about the clasp relax technique and pectoral mobility exercisings which they had to execute.The pre trial shoulder horizontal extension and rate perceived effort steps were taken, aft(prenominal) which the group was asked to execute hold relax technique and pectoral mobility exercising for a continuance of 6 hebdomads, after which shoulder horizontal extension and dyspnea was assessed utilizing Goniometer and Borg s graduated table severally.At the terminal of the 12th hebdomad the degree of dyspnea was rear to be decreased with an addition in shoulder horizontal extension motion.3.10. Stastical toolsPaired t TrialPairedt trial was used to compare the pre Vs ship & A post Vs station trial set of both the groups.vitamin D = difference between pre trial V station trialvitamin D = mean differencen = entire figure of topicss = criterion divergenceUnpaired t TrialThis was used to analyse the significance between experimental and control groups.Where,S = Standard divergence= Mean of control groups= Mean of experimental groupn1 = Number of topics in control groupsn2 = Number of topics in experimental groupChapter FourDATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATIONShoulder Horizontal Extension MovementTABLE IPaired t TrialsShows the mean, average difference, standard divergence and pairedt values between pre trial and station trial values.S.NOTrialMeanMendeleviumSouth dakotat ValuessPre Test18.6112.8016.6Post Test30.6The above tabular array I shows the analysis of pre trial and s tation trial values. The couple t-test value is ( 16.6 ) which is greater than the tabulated t-value ( =2.145 ) at 5 % degree of significance.This shows that in that location is a important difference between the values.DyspneaTABLE TwoPaired t trialsShows the mean, average difference, standard divergence and pairedt values between pre trial and station trial values.S.NOTrialMeanMendeleviumSouth dakotat ValuessPRE Trial16.61.672.3110.2POST Trial10.5The above tabular array II shows the analysis of pre trial and station trial values. The mated t-test value is ( 10.2 ) which is greater than the tabulated t-value ( =2.145 ) at 5 % degree of significance.This shows that there is a important difference between the values.GRAPH ISHOULDER HORIZONTAL EXTENSION endeavor COMPARISON OF PRE TEST AND POST TEST VALUESShoulder Horizontal Extension MovementGRAPH TwoDyspneaCOMPARISON OF PRE TEST AND POST TEST VALUESDyspneaChapter VoltDiscussionPurpose of this survey was to bespeak that a ho ld relax technique specifically to the pectoral muscle major musculus is capable of increasing the result steps which are shoulder horizontal extension scope of gesture ( there by a little addition in critical capacity ) and cut down dyspnea in COPD patients.Previous surveies have found that a hold relax technique in normal topics can bring forth statically important increased hemodynamic viz. , systolic and diastolic farm animal force per unit area, as rate of perceived effort, respiratory rate, SaO2 were non adversely affected in any topics after intercession, this implies that the intervention is a safe rule of intervention in chronic respiratory patients.The active method of intervention included in this survey appears to be safe and effectual in chronic respiratory patients.As adaptative shortening and stiffness around the upper limb musculus quadrant addition chest wall opposition and work of take a breathing. A method of change by reversaling these alterations of import to include a direction program for these patients. ( Arch phys med rehabilitation, vol 89, June 2008 ) .15 topics with COPD were indiscriminately selected as a individual group who underwent hold relax technique of the pectoral muscle major and pectoral mobility exercisings, following 12 hebdomads of survey continuance and there was a important betterment of the result steps shoulder horizontal extension ( t 16.6 ) and dyspnea ( t 10.2 ) .Chapter SixDecisionThis survey shows as important betterment in the dyspnea degree ( t=10.2 ) and shoulder horizontal extension ( t=16.6 ) in patients with mild COPD following hold relax technique and pectoral mobility exercisings.This provides considerable grounds that hold relax technique can better the restrictive constituent of COPD, Extensibility of the pectoral muscle major musculus and perchance get the better of some of the postural alterations of COPD.Chapter SevenLIMITATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONSRestrictionRestriction of this survey is that FEV1, FVC were non measured in order to bespeak the badness of COPD in each topics.Demographic information was non taken into the survey.RecommendationFurther survey should be done to larn more about how to change by reversal the secondary soft tissue effects of chronic respiratory disease.Chapter octad

Spread of buddhism throughout china

Spread Of Buddhism In mainland China Buddhism is a path of practice and spiritual victimisation leading to Insight into the true nature of reality. It is a religion that was founded in India in the sixth century BCE and was brought to China by the first century CE. When Buddhism was brought to China and it gradually won over converts, expanded through away China, and influenced Chinese culture as we know it. In spite of Buddhisms dissemination throughout China in that location were still Chinese flock who didnt convert to Buddhism due to their strong Confucian beliefs.The Chinese had two vastly different points of iews about Buddhism. The first point of imbibe of the Chinese would be anti- Buddhism. This point of view was popular in that of Confucian Scholars and officials at the Tang imperial court. According to documents 3, 4, 6 Buddhism wasnt religion that one should practice. In Document 3 an anonymous Chinese scholar asks readers , If Buddhism is the greatest and most vener able of ways , why did the great sages of the past and Confucius not practice it? The Chinese scholar is saying that if Buddhism is so great why did Confucius or Laozi, the great sage of Daoism not ractice Buddhism. This implies that Buddhism wasnt that great of a religion after all. The Chinese Scholars claims be biased. He writes strictly about the bad things about Buddhism. It is one sided and only answers with what he believes are failings of Buddhism.According to document 4 Confucian Scholar and Tang official believes that Buddhism is no more than a cult. He states, Buddhism is no more than a cult of the barbarian peoples spread to China. The speaker system is angered that Buddha was being honored by the ruler at the time (Your Majesty). Buddha was not of Chinese escent, he was foreign and doesnt deserve for his body to be admitted to the palace. Confucius said Respect Ghost and spirits, but book them at a distance . The speaker expresses that he is ashamed of what Your Ma jesty is doing and begs that Buddhas bones be burned so that Buddhas evil be rooted out of China. The Speakers claims are one sided. He is a leading Confucian Scholar and has strict roots in Confucianism.According to document 6, the speaker, the Tang Emperor Wu says Buddhism wears out peoples strength, pilfers their wealth, causes people to bandon their lords and parents for the company of teachers, and severs man and wife with its monastic decrees. Buddhism goes against the views of Confucianism damaging the five key relationships due to its monastic decree. The emperor believes that Buddhism should be eradicated and that it is evil. His argument is one sided he all the same states that the Buddhistic temples have reached boundless numbers sufficient enough to outshine the imperial palace.The emperor is fearful of his reign as emperor and his loss of military group throughout China. All three of these documents escribe the evils and failings of Buddhism and why it should eradic ated in china. All three documents are also biased. An additional document that would also promote anti- Buddhism would be a Journal entry from the father of a convert to Buddhism and his description on how his life has changed as his as lost sight of the way he brocaded man taught him the Chinese ways ot tilial piety The second point ot view of the Chinese would be pro-Buddhism. Pro-Buddhism views are sh give in documents 1,2,and 5.According to document 1, the end of ones sorrows is through the Buddhist doctrine, The Four Noble Truths. There is sorrow in everything if you have cravings or passion. To get over your sorrow you must release yourself from your cravings and passions and Buddhism will teach you how to. The speaker is Buddha himself and is one sided because others might not feel as if they have sorrows because they have passions or that their passions make them happy and not sorrowful. According to document 2 whoever serves the Buddha and in good order observes his comman dments will at the end of their life enter nirvana.This is one sided because some people might disagree and say that there is no nirvana and that ou bear on to be reincarnated even if you do believe in Buddha. According to document 5 Buddhism was established according to the demands of the age and the needs of various beings. It encourages good deeds, punishes the unhallowed ones and rewards good ones. This is not biased because not only was the writer a leading Buddhist scholar, he was favored by the Tang imperial household. He also says that Confucianism and Buddhism were created for the same reason and lead to the creation of an orderly society and they should both be observed with respect.Another document that would promote pro-Buddhism would be a tongue from someone who converted to Buddhism and lost all of his sorrows following the four noble truths. The spread of Buddhism to China was perceived in different ways by the Chinese people. Despite these various perceptions it s pread like a domino effect. To this day the Buddhism is still a major religion in China. The Chinese put their own spin on the religion and it has stuck ever since. Today it coexist with Confucianism, a future that didnt seem too bright in the first century CE.

Psychophysiological Aspects of Stress Essay

Stress seems to be an unpleasant, but essential part of human life. Adverse accompaniments happen in life, and hardly any ace is an exception. However, the analogous negative life events may result in different outcomes depending on the individual who faces them. To paraphrase the common words, what doesnt kill you (just) makes you stronger. The question of what inner resources succor hotshot cope with disagreeable lemons in ones life, and perhaps, make lemonade out of them has long attracted attention of philosophers, writers, moviemakers, and at some point every soulfulness who has featured negative life events.It is non surprising that the issue of individual differences in reception to stress has been extensively explored in psychology. idiosyncratic differences may modify from stanceal resources, such(prenominal) as social support, to personal resources, such as certain disposition traits (e. g. , hardiness, explanatory style, optimism, self-esteem, psychological control, etc. ) These psychosocial resources strongly influence both psychological and physiological outcomes of stress.The Alameda County Study verbalizeed that those people who had much ties to their community and social network lived longer (Berkman & Syme, 1979). Receiving social support helped women with ovarian cancer cope with their illness die (Costanzo et al. , 2005), whereas social isolation strongly change magnitude the likelihood of stroke recurrence in patients with stroke (Boden-Albala, 2005). Lack of social support strongly predicted elevated levels of concern and depressed mood (Godin, 2004). Personality resources may also help people cope with stressful life events.For example, optimistic explanatory style was associated with fundamentally few physical complaints in college students (Carver & Scheier, 1999), whereas pessimistic explanatory style developmentd symptoms of mental picture (Bennett & avant-gardederbilt, 2002). Perceived control also appears t o mitigate the beliefs of stressful life events (Frazier, 2004). Finally, close to 3 decades of research on the lead effect of hardiness has linked this personality resource to physical and mental health (Maddi, 1999).Specifically, hardiness is associated with fewer symptoms of depression (Oman, 2003) and burnout (Cilliers, 2003), and it physical strain as well (Beasley, 2003). The list of personal and situational resources moderating the effect of adverse life events is far from being acquit in fact, it may be quite extensive. Given the strong moderating effect of psychosocial resources on mental and physical health established by the previous research, the questions that arise, such as how exactly do these resources affect health?Are there any physiological differences in the way those individuals who amaze much psychosocial resources, and those individuals who have fewer resources, fight back to stress? The present study aims to answer this question with regard to the eff ect of personality hardiness on physical outcomes of stress. Research has shown that hardy individuals appear to extend on stressful life events (Maddi, 1999).Hardy individuals argon committed to their work and family, they perceive control over their life circumstances, and they perceive stressful life events as an opportunity for growth and development, rather than a affright (Maddi, 2002). Hardiness is an important moderator of stress solvent, yet little research has check overd the differences in the physiology of stress responses in mettlesome hardy versus low-hardy individuals. Previous research represent that increased physiological responsiveness to stress (for example, in term of kin blackmail) is associated with detrimental health outcomes, such as hypertension.However, hardiness has been strongly linked to better health outcomes of stress (Beasley, 2003 Cilliers, 2003 Maddi, 2002, Oman, 2003). Previous research has also shown that identical blood pressure increas es can be produced by different hemodynamic mechanisms, with negative or neutral implications for health (Sherwood et al. , 1999). The goal of the present study is to clarify how hardiness takes its effect on health in terms of the psychophysiology of human stress sufficeing. The Biopsychosocial Model of Challenge and ThreatIn this paper, the physiological response to stress is conceptualized within the biopsychosocial model of challenge and panic prototype developed by Blascovich, Mendes, Tomaka, and colleagues (Blascovich, Mendes, Tomaka, Salomon, & Seery, 2003 Seery, Blascovich, Weisbuch, & Vick, 2004). In a series of studies, Blascovich, Tomaka, and colleagues demonstrated that threat and challenge judgements argon associated with distinctive patterns of cardiovascular response during a goal-relevant, motivated-performance task (Blascovich et al. , 1999).In Obrists terms (1983), this type of task involves active coping. In order to evoke both challenge and threat reactivity, the task should be engaging and psychologically involving, such as taking a test, making a good impression, giving a speech, and engaging in athletic competition (Seery et al. , 2004). Challenge appraisals are associated with positive affectivity, great engagement in the situation, and are mediated by the myocardial response whereas threat appraisals are associated with negative affectivity and blood pressure responses that are mediated by the vascular resistance.Challenge and threat are distinguished by changes in total peripheral resistance (TPR the index of net denseness of the blood vessels) and cardiac output (CO the amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute). In relative terms, great CO and lesser TPR reflect great challenge/lesser threat response write. harmonise to biopsychosocial model, threat reactivity is associated with detrimental health outcomes of stress. Blascovich and colleagues tied Lazarus and Folkmans (1984) transactional model of stress and coping to physiological response to stress in terms of myocardial and vascular hemodynamic profiles.According to Lazarus and Folkman (1984), when the individual confronts new or changing environment, he/she tries to determine the meaning of the event ( immemorial appraisal). Primary appraisal is concern with whether the event is likely to be neutral, positive, or negative in its consequences. Negative events may be appraised in terms of future damage potentially produced by the event (threat), or as damage that has already been made by the event ( misuse), or in terms of ones potential to overcome the event and perhaps even benefit from it (challenge).Secondary appraisal is concerned with the evaluation of whether ones resources are sufficient to meet the threat, harm, or challenge. The balance among the primary and secondary appraisal determines ones go across of stress. Blascovich and colleagues (Blascovich et al. , 2003) conceptualized threat/challenge essentially in terms of the ratio between the primary appraisal and secondary appraisal. In addition, in their approach, primary appraisal involves estimations of danger, uncertainty, and ask effort.Danger, uncertainty, and effort define how training the situation is. The intrinsic experience of stress then depends on the ratio between the demand and ones coping resources. If the demand is noble, and the resources are low, the individual feels threat. If the demand is proud, but at the same time the coping resources are sufficient to meet it, the individual feels challenge. Threat appraisal implies the aversive experience in that the individual anticipates damage from the situation, and presumably experiences negative affectivity, such as fear, anxiety and anger.In contrast, challenge appraisals are ascertained less aversive, with a primary focus on the potential for growth or gain that can come from the situation, although damage is also possible. Challenge appraisals are therefore theoretically associated w ith increased motivation and positive affectivity, such eagerness, excitement, and exhilaration. To reiterate, it is the threat appraisal that primarily accounts for perceived stress (Tomaka & Palacios-Esquivel, 1999). Blascovich and colleagues conceptualize threat and challenge as two opposite points on the single appraisal continuum.This is also different from Lazarus and Folkmans conceptuality of threat and challenge as not mutually exclusive appraisals. Lazarus and Folkmans (1984) concept of appraisal has come under considerable criticism (Zajonc, 2000). Zajonc believes that cognitive appraisal and affective experience are distinct, conceptually separable processes (Zajonc, 2000, p. 31). The appraisal theories of emotion were considered too cognitive, conscious, and slow, as appraisal often occurs unconsciously and quickly.The proponents of appraisal theories respond that appraisal does not carry to be conscious as it often occurs unconsciously, automatically, and very quickly , and appraisal may be accompanied by subcortical as well as cortical processing (Ellsworth, Scherer, & Forgas, 2003). Thats why, according to appraisal theorists, although stressful experience is defined as a combination of appraisals, it is not experienced as such (Ellsworth, Scherer, & Forgas, 2003). However, this makes appraisal difficult to study.Self-reports strength not adequately reflect ones appraisal, and because appraisal is assessed a posteriori, a wide admixture of confounding variables may interfere with accurate measurement. Within the biopsychosocial model of challenge and threat, appraisal is conceptualized as a process involving both unconscious and conscious processes and therefore the best way to analyse appraisal would be to manipulate the task in the experiment, whereas subjective evaluations are considered much less reliable (Blascovich et al. , 2003). The biopsychosocial model is based on Dienstbiers (1989) research.Dienstbier (1989) argued that there are two axes of stress response, sympathetic-adrenal-medullary (SAM) and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA), both of which serve to call up energy reserves. However, SAM activation involves the let go of of catecholamines, including epinephrine and norepinephrine, which have a half-life in the body for only a few minutes, whereas HPA activation involves the release of cortisol, which has a half-life in the body for approximately 90 minutes. Thus, SAM allows for rapid energy mobilization, whereas HPA involves long-term mobilization of energy resources.Dienstbiers (1989) argued that fast full-size SAM response to the acute stressors coupled with low HPA response is indicative of the organisms physiological toughness and adaptive pattern of stress responding. According to Frankenhauser (1983), SAM activation is associated with greater coping effort, whereas HPA activation reflects greater negative affect. Both Frankenhauser (1983) and Dienstbier (1989) believed that the stressor s involving say activation of the SAM and HPA have the most detrimental effect on health.For example, individuals with hypertension were found to have both higher diastolic blood pressure reactivity and higher cortisol reactivity to stress (Nyklicek, Bosch, & Amerongen, 2005). Thus, joint SAM axis and HPA axis activation is observed in hypertensive individuals, i. e. , the group that has traditionally been found to be especially vulnerable to the effect of stressful life events. Blascovich et al. (2003) argued that challenge reflects primarily SAM axis of stress response, whereas threat reflects joint activation of the SAM and HPA axes of stress response.Blascovich and colleagues did not empirically test this assumption. This conceptualization of the treat and challenge profiles as reflections of sympathetic/HP A reactivity has come under considerable criticism in the recent literature. Wright and Kirby (2003) argued that this conceptualization may not reflect the true activation o f the stress response system, and it needs to be tested empirically before one can rely on the assumption. The Effect of Individual Differences on Hemodynamic Response to StressIndividual differences in hardiness may have impact on ones response to stress. To understand the influence of individual differences on the physiological response to stress, it is important to establish if the hemodynamic profile is a characteristic if the individual, or a function of the situation. Would a specific situation elicit the same hemodynamic response in all individuals? Or, is the hemodynamic response a stable individual trait? To answer this question, one should consider the research on the consistency of hemodynamic profiles across diverse tasks and over time.Previous research suggested that hemodynamic responses are to some extent situation-specific. The myocardial hemodynamic profile is evoked by the tasks that require active coping (Obrist, 1983) or fight or flight response whereas vascular hemodynamic response is evoked by the tasks that require passive endurance and offer little control, such as cold stressor tasks. Blascovich and colleagues (Mendes, Blascovich, Lickel, et al. , 2002) used a speech delivery task to validate their theory.The participants were instructed to deliver a speech in the presence of either a same-group partner (challenge) or an out-group partner (threat). As expected, the TPR response was higher in the threat condition, whereas CO response was higher in the challenge condition. Maier, Waldstein, and Synowski (2003) used a computerized mental arithmetical task to come or so that challenge appraisal was related to greater positive affect and task engagement, whereas threat appraisal was related to greater negative affect and perceived stress.Prkachin, Mills, and Husted (2001) found that anger-inducing interview led to the vascular response, whereas mental arithmetic led to the myocardial response. Hartley, Ginsburg, and Heffner (1999) showed their participants a previously recorded videotape, in which they were disclosing personal information about themselves. The participants in the active condition were allowed to mark the segments of the tape, which they wanted to re-shoot before the tape was evaluated by the subscriber whereas the participants in the passive condition were not allowed to mark the segments of the tape.Both conditions produced similar elevation in blood pressure however, in the active condition, blood pressure elevation was elicited through myocardial mechanism, whereas in the passive condition, blood pressure elevation was elicited through the vascular mechanism. Gregg, James, Matyas, and Thornsteinsson (1999) found that mental arithmetic task elicited myocardial response, and cold pressor task elicited vascular response.Quigley, Barrett, and Weinstein (2002) did a within-subject analysis of cardiovascular reactivity to the different tasks, and found that greater CO was associated with greater chal lenge implied by the task (serial subtraction) however, there was no difference in TPR. Although Quigley and colleagues (2002) investigated the differences in physiological reactions produced by different tasks within the individuals, they did not investigate the consistency of these reactions within the individuals themselves, i. e., how stable was the hemodynamic response within a given person across different tasks. Previous research has established that at least some parameters of cardiovascular reactivity may be stable characteristic, such as blood pressure reactivity. In other words, the individuals with higher blood pressure reactivity would consistently lay out this response pattern in different circumstances. Sherwood et al. (1999) argued that hemodynamic profiles also represent a trait, as individuals have a tilt to exhibit a certain type of response across diverse tasks.However, this is a very relative leaning as it is determined by analogy with other individuals. So instead of always responding in a fixed way to all situations, a particular individual would just show more than/less myocardial/vascular response comparing to other individuals in the context of a given task. In addition, Sherwood et al. (1999) argued that the individuals tendency to exhibit a particular hemodynamic response profile is stable over time.For example, middle-aged Type A men exhibited significant correlations over a 3-month interval on a competitive reaction time task (Sherwood et al. , 1999). Kamarck et al. (2000) identified myocardial and vascular responders in the initial testing session, and this tendency was stable after a 4-week interval. Thus, there is evidence that hemodynamic profiles may be relatively stable across tasks and across time, i. e. , some individuals may respond in a relatively more myocardial/vascular way to diverse tasks, and this response may tend to be stable over time.What are the factors that may influence ones hemodynamic response pattern? Previous research indicated that ethnicity may be one of these factors as African American individuals typically have a tendency to respond in a vascular way in addition, there are significant gender differences (Allen, Stoney, Owens, & Matthews, 1999). However, there is little research on the personality factors that force affect hemodynamic pattern of responding. Cooper and Waldstein (2004) found that hostility was associated with greater TPR.Cacioppo and colleagues (2002) and Hawkey, Burleson, Berntson, & Cacioppo (2003) found that in young adults, loneliness was associated with higher TPR and lower CO, whereas non-lonely young adults had higher CO. Tomaka and colleagues (Tomaka et al. , 1999) found that approach motivation was associated with higher CO. However, these two studies looked at the state variables, such as loneliness and approach/avoidance motivation. It might be of interest to investigate the effect of stable personality traits as well.Previous research has docume nted the health-enhancing and health compromising effect of a number of personality variables, such as optimism (Carver & Scheier, 2001), Type A, and hardiness (Maddi, 1999) in terms of blood pressure and future risk for hypertension and CVD development. Yet, there has been little research investigating the effect of personality variables on the hemodynamic mechanisms underlying BP reactivity. Blascovich and colleagues (2003) emphasized the need for research clarifying the effect of social and emotional factors on the patterns of physiological response associated with challenge and threat appraisals.HPA reactivity in Response to Stress Situations Evoking HPA Activation HPA response is elicited by the situations implying significant threat to the individual, such as physical survival (Sapolsky et al. , 2000) and threat to ones important goals (Carver & Scheier, 1999). Cortisol helps the organism manage short-term metabolic demands of the situation. Although cortisol response may be elicited by a variety of situations, it is the threat to ones important goals that triggers this response. Dickerson and Kemeny (2004) conducted meta-analysis of 208 studies on cortisol reactivity.The effect size found in these studies varied from small (d=. 20) to fairly large (d=. 87) depending on the experimental task. The largest effect sizes were produced by tasks that involved uncontrollable threat to social self, such as public speaking, coupled with harassment, false feedback, perceived inability to complete the task, etc. (d = . 92). Thus, it appears that cortisol response to an acute laboratory stressor is most likely to be elicited by the uncontrollable social-evaluative tasks. These two features of uncontrollability and social evaluation have consistently been found to produce intense wo.Uncontrollability is one of the classical characteristics defining stressful situations. In a classical study, Glass and Singer (1973) showed that stress is associated with the situati ons involving uncontrollability and unpredictability. kindly evaluation and self-presentation are common features of every mean solar day life. In the experience of daily stress, interpersonal events play a central role, self-presentation is concerned with (1) ones need to define ones social self, and make ones social self as close as possible to ones ideal self and (2) ones need to please the audience (Baumeister, 1982).This need to make a favorable impression is very important for most people, and when they doubt that they succeed, people experience social anxiety marked by feelings of apprehension, self-consciousness, and distress. affectionate anxiety may be a dominant factor in modern life. Thus, an uncontrollable social-evaluative threat may produce intense experience of distress marked by significant cortisol elevation. The Relationship between phrase SAM and HPA axes Activation and PersonalityThe research investigating joint HPA and SAM axes activation in response to stre ss indicated that a single manipulation of the experimental task may elicit different patterns of SAM and HP A response. For example, Earle, Linden, and Weinberg (1999) compared participants performing mental arithmetic task in front of an audience in harassment and no-harassment conditions. Harassment consisted of the scripted statements by same-gender experimenters. Both conditions produced sympathetic activation in terms of DBP (in men) and HR (in women), but it was the harassment condition only that produced significant cortisol elevation.The research on the relationship between joint HPA and SAM axes activation and personality dispositions during a single exposure to stress found a link between personality and SAM reactivity, but not between personality and HPA reactivity. This finding pertains to the studies involving single exposure to an acute laboratory stressor. For example, Taylor et al. (2003) found that high self-enhancers had lower sympathetic responses (SBP and HR), b ut authors did not find a significant difference in eortisol response to stress between the high and low self-enhancers. Gregg et al.(1999) did not find any meaningful correlations between eortisol and hemodynamic measures in the participants performing mental arithmetic task and cold pressor task. Schommer, Kudielka, Hellhammer, and Kirschbaum (1999) found no relationship between eortisol response to an acute laboratory stressor and the personality traits of Extraversion, Neuroticism, or Psychoticism measured with the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised. However, the research evidence with regard to the effect of exposure to repeated psychosocial stress did find a significant effect of personality on cortisol reactivity.Pruessner, Gaab, Hellhammer, Lintz, Schumer, and Kirschbaum (1999) exposed the participants to psychosocial stressor (public speaking) over a period of 5 consecutive days. Although during the first day, there was no significant relationship between personality factors (locus of control) and cortisol response, there was a significant relationship between locus of control and cortisol response later, from day two to day five. Pruessner et al. (1999) found that the combination of data obtained over the five consecutive days was necessary to detect the significant effect of personality traits, such as locus of control, on cortisol reactivity.In another study, Kirschbaum, Prussner, Stone, Federenko, Gaab, Lintz, Schommer, and Hellhammer (1999) investigated cortisol response to the repeated psychosocial stressor consisting of public speaking and mental arithmetic in a group of healthy young adults. The participants had been exposed to the stressor for 5 days. Kirschbaum and colleagues (1999) observed quick habituation of the HPA axis in some participants. These low cortisol responders exhibited large cortisol responses during the first day, and then this response subsided during the 5-day interval.However, in some participants, the HPA axis di d not habituate to the stressor. These high responders kept producing large cortisol reactions throughout the entire 5-day period. The tendency to exhibit persistent high cortisol responses to repeated psychological stress was strongly associated with a number of personality variables, such as having lower self-esteem, covering oneself as less attractive than others, and being more often in depressed mood, and lower extraversion. Cortisol high responders also reported significantly more symptoms of distress than cortisol low responders.In another study, Schommer, Hellhammer, and Kirschbaum (2003) also found a group of individuals with persistent cortisol response to psychosocial stress. In addition, high cortisol responders had significantly higher plasma ACTH levels. This study also looked at the sympathetic activation. The results suggested that SAM axis does not habituate to the repeated stress, as chop-chop as the HPA axis does, because the levels of catecholamines (epinephrin e and norepinephrine) were consistently elevated in both high and low cortisol responders. Pruessner et al.(1999) suggested that during the first exposure to stress, the effect of personality on HPA reactivity is masked by the novelty of the situation. Novelty, which is one of the classical features defining a stressful situation, has a profound effect on HPA reactivity masking moderating effect of personality. However, during the second and subsequent exposures to stress, the novelty is lessened, so the influence of personality dispositions may be investigated. Discussion and Conclusion According to the biopsychosocial model, challenge and threat response are evoked only by the situations involving motivated performance (Seery at al., 2004). Engagement in the task is essential in eliciting both challenge and threat reactivity. The task should be goal-relevant (e. g. , it should be important for the participant). Hardiness, especially its commitment and control components, can be si gnificantly correlated with conscientiousness, and both dispositions are associated with greater TPR increase in response to stress and little or no change in CO. Higher conscientiousness, commitment to the task and need to control the situation might lead to the greater engagement in the task and higher expectations for the quality of ones performance.This might have resulted in greater negative affectivity about the task and about ones performance. In contrast, the low-hardy participants can be probably disengaged, and, therefore, showed less reactivity. Due to the greater commitment to the task, high-hardy individuals showed a response profile that exaggerated the response typically evoked by the task. Thus, in a socially evaluative situation known to evoke a strong threat hemodynamic response profile, greater hardiness may be associated with greater threat response.This tendency may be due to the greater commitment to the task and greater need to control the situation. To fully understand the effect of hardiness on psychophysiology of human stress responding, the HPA reactivity should be evaluated (Seery et al. , 2004). Hardiness can be associated with a tendency towards exaggerated cardiovascular response to the psychosocial stressor. The general pattern of reactivity evoked by the TSST is consistent with the threat profile. It would be interesting to investigate reactivity to the stressor that evokes primarily challenge hemodynamic response profile.According to the biopsychosocial model, challenge and threat are defined by the ratio of the demand posed by the situation and perceived resources to cope with it (Blascovich et al. , 2003). Thus, in the challenging situation, the individuals would perceive more resources to cope with the demand. Due to the greater commitment to the task and greater conscientiousness, high-hardy individuals may potentially show greater challenge reactivity. However, it may also be possible that high-hardy individuals will stil l have greater concerns about their performance, which may be associated with greater distress reflected in a threat response profile.To sum up, it appears that in some individuals, the HPA axis cannot adapt quickly to the repeated stressful situation, so these individuals keep responding with high cortisol elevations consistently. There is link between personality dispositions (locus of control, self-esteem, and extraversion) and this persistent high cortisol response. In conclusion, the research suggests that although a single exposure to stress may provide information about the relationship between personality and SAM reactivity, the HPA activation will not be tapped.In order to obtain a true picture of joint SAM and HPA activation, it is necessary to consider the effect of repeated exposure to psychosocial stress. References Allen, M. T. , Stoney, C. M. , Owens, J. F. , & Matthews, K. A. (1993). Hemodynamic adjustments to laboratory stress the influence of gender and personality . Psychosomatic Medicine, 55 (6), 505-17. Baumeister, R. F. (1982). A self-presentational view of social phenomena. Psychological Bulletin, 91(1), 3-26 Beasley, M. , Thompson, T. , Davidson, J. (2003) Resilience in response to life stress The effects of coping style and cognitive hardiness.Personality and Individual Differences, 34 (1), 77-95. Berkman, L. F. & Syme, S. L. (1979). Social networks, host resistance, and mortality a nine-year follow-up study of Alameda County residents. American Journal of Epidemiology, 109 (2), 186-204. Blascovich, J. , Mendes, W. B. , Hunter, S. B. & Salomon, K. (1999). Social Facilitation as Challenge and Threat. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(1), 68-77. Blascovich, J. , Mendes, W. B. , Tomaka, J. , Salomon, K. , & Seery, M. (2003). The robust nature of biopsychosocial model challenge and threat A reply to Wright and Kirby.Personality and Social Psychology Review, 7 (3), 234-243. Boden-Albala, B, Litwak, E, Elkind, M. S. , Rundek, T . , & Sacco, R. L. (2005) Social isolation and outcomes post stroke. Neurology, 64(11), 1888-92. Cacioppo, J. T. , Hawkley, L. C. , Crawford, L. E. , Ernst, J. M. , Burleson, M. H. , Kowalewski, R. B. , Malarkey, W. B. , Van Cauter, E. , & Berntson, G. G. (2002). Loneliness and health potential mechanisms. Psychosomatic Medicine, 64 (3), 407-17. Carver, C. S. , & Scheier, M. F. (2001). Optimism, pessimism, and self-regulation.In E. C. Chang (Ed. ), Optimism and pessimism Implications for theory, research, and practice (pp. 31-51). Washington, DC American Psychological Association. Cooper, D. C. , & Waldstein, S. R. (2004). Hostility differentially predicts cardiovascular risk factors in African American and White young adults. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 57 (5), 491-9. Costanzo ES, Lutgendorf SK, Sood AK, Anderson B, Sorosky J, Lubaroff DM. Psychosocial factors and interleukin-6 among women with advanced ovarian cancer. Cancer 2005104305-13.

Test Questions: Hispanic and Latino American Diversity

Many of the immigrants made their move establish on what they perceived to be better economic opportunities in the US during the sasss. Perceived economic opportunities escalated the northward movement in the asses. These groups had been classified as non-whites in the asss and since the mid asss many of the immigrants have made their migration based on civil unrest in their homelands. Immigrants from Central and South America have increased in numbers rapidly since he sasss and have eventide outnumbered the Mexicans that have migrated. WOW) Although economic opportunities is the main reason for the migration of so many central and south Americans, the fighting and unrest is an equal motivator for these people, as the demographic ranges from peasants to pixilated individuals. In America there was a conscious effort to degrade and cheapen the Spanish language. The school systems were completelyowed to continue to discourage the use of Spanish in classrooms by Spanish speaking chil dren. This was done systematically by separating the Spanish children from the White children. There was an initiative to place Spanish students in Mexican schools to make White children separated from them.This was know as the De Cure school segregation. These Mexican schools were severely under capitalized. In 1970, the U. S. Supreme Court ruled, in Concerns v. Corpus Christi strong-minded School District, in favor of Concerns. This was a major win for the long termination war because the Supreme Court deemed that the De Cure segregation was unconstitutional. However, for the short term battle, this ruling did little for the immediate treatment of the Spanish students in Florida, New York and he Southwest, children who spoke Spanish at school were punished, given detention, fined and even expelled from school.There were unlike stages of Cuban migration to the United States which started AC n EYE ruling ten revolution. I nerve were tenure major large migrations Into ten US by dint of the US. The first round of immigrants to the tune of 200,000 Cubans made their move after Castors assumption of power, that first group of immigrants stopped when the missile crisis in October 1962, at this time all legal talks were at a stalemate. AC Immigration started up again in 1965 after Cuba and The US came to a round of dual agreements, which is known as Freedom Flights, which involved charter flights from Havana to Miami.More than 340,000 refugees made their migration to the United States between 1965 and 1973. The majority of these people settled in Miami. The third major and close controversial migration took place in 1980, The Maries boatload. More than 124,000 refugees escaped from Cuba. These Cubans fled political and economic oppression when arriving into the United States, these people were very poor and Castro made his political points by punishing the people, rationing food on a monthly basis and wrongly imprisoning people.

Divide by Two †Short Story Essay

They have set down a line of adobe brick blocks, three blocks wide and two blocksdeep, across the lawn between their cottage and ours, Belle said.Yes, I know, I said. I walked into the window and stood there, pick uping over attheir cottage. The diffused music from the cottage came strong and clear. I was here thismorning when he brought those blocks home. I peeled my shirt it was soggy withsweat. He carried the blocks in the baggage compartment of their car. It took him allthree trips. He had three boys with him to help. I agitate my shirt in the quieting air andwalked in my room. And I know where he got those blocks, too. there is aconstruction going on right now at engineer school. They have a pile of adobe blocksthere as high as the Cheops. You cant miss it. You enamour it from the busline everytime.In my room, the strains of piano music didnt reach sustainedly.Belle had followed me into my room. They have marked withdraw boundaries, shesaid. They have defined limits.I fo lded my shirt virtually the back of the arm mince. So they have, I said. So theyhave. My undershirt was wet, too. I yanked it off.It is all as if they have put up a fence, Belle said.Fences realise good neighbors, I said. I whipped the apple-green towel off the T- bar and rubbed myself briskly.It might as well be the great wall of China, Belle said.Well, no, non really, I said. It is non as bad as that. I returned the towel to thecrossbar. I looked around for a dry undershirt but did not find each.I went to the bedroom where my clothes-closet was. Belle followed me. There was no light in thecloset. The bulb hadnt been changed since it went bad curtly after we moved into thecottage. I fumbled in the dark feeling with my fingers. In the darkness in the closet thestrains of the piano came steadily, strong and clear.She is no Turk but she keeps playing the Turkish March, Belle said.I knew where my undershirts would be and it didnt take me long to find themwith my hands. I pulle d one out and was putt it on while I walked back to the sala.It is unkind, inconsiderate, not neighborly, not nice, Belle said.I stopped beneath the light in the narrow passage from the bedroom to the sala between the book-closets and the bathroom, one arm by one armhole, one-one-half out of thesando shirt the neck of which I held open with my hands. I looked at Belle. Comeagain, Belle? I asked.Belle said again the denunciatory words.I got my head through the armhole, got into the shirt. I walked on to the sala. Ididnt know how tired I was until I fell back on the lounging chair.Belle picked up the animal foot stool, brought it near my chair and sat down. The leastthing they could have do was to tell us first about it.I felt very tired and shut my eyes and didnt say anything. take upt you recall they owed it to us? Belle asked. Out of regards for our feelings shouldnt they have asked us how we feel about the fence?The piano music threaded through the words akin leitmotif. How i s that again,Belle? I asked.They have no regard for us, Belle said. They fatiguet care what we think. Theydont mind what we feel. As far as they are concerned, we are not human.The piano came jubilantly threading through the words.Is that right, Belle? I asked.Dont you think they should at least have gone to us and said Look here, youWe are putting up this boundary, see? You keep to your side of these markers and wewill keep to ours, understand?Belle asked.Do you really think that? I asked.Yes, I do, Belle said. Distinctly, dont you?I dont know. I said. I havent thought about it.Well, then, Belle said, think about it. You can start thinking about it now.I wondered wherefore now the words kept ringing clear to me. Then I felt and sensedthat the piano had been stilled. Suddenly the night was silent, suddenly the air was still.I rose from the lounging chair. I walked to the globe-traveler near the wall outlet, plugged the cord in and snapped the lid open. Belle followed me. I was pla ying therange disk for music when Belled leaned forward and snapped the lid shut.Whats the matter, Belle? I asked.Theres nothing the matter. Belle said.Well, then get off, I said. Get off them and get off me.Belle was silent for a moment. Then It is she, she said.What about her? I asked.I dont think she likes me, Belle said.She doesnt like anyone, I said. What makes you think so?I have given her things. Belle said. They dont seem to make an impression onher. I gave her cheese on her last birthday. She didnt even thank me.Why do you have to go around giving pack things for? I asked. peradventure shedoesnt like cheese. Maybe the cheese wasnt such a good idea.She doesnt like me. Belle said.And she doesnt like anyone to like mewhen he gave me flowers from her garden, I dont think she liked that.Who would? I asked. Maybe the flowers werent such a good idea either.He was wholly being friendly as I was, Belle said.Oh, yes, I said.He was only being neighborly as I believe in being, Belle said.Sure, sure, I said. notwithstanding she doesnt like to be and I dont think she believes in being, Belle said.And I dont think she wants him to be either.Oh, well, Belle, I said. I dont really know them. It is you they really know.Oh, you do, too, Belle said. You ride with them too sometimes.I did that only once, I said. I rode with them on the front seat. She tapped himon the thigh when she got off at Pavilion 2. That was the last time.Did that bother you? Belle asked.Not that in itself, I said. Only the demonstrativeness as if to show that she ishis and he is hers.What about the demonstrativeness of puttering about her garden in very shortshorts? Belle asked.When you visited the area for the first time to see the cottages, was he looking atthe cottages too-and the third time? I asked.He was going to look at the cottages himself, Belle said. He was only beingfriendly.And the second time you looked at the cottages, he was looking at the cottagestoo-and the third time? I asked.T hat was for our going to be neighbors, Belle said.There are xl cottages in this area, I said. Why did we have to pick up thisone right next to theirs?It was as much your choice as it was mine, Belle said.So it was, I said. So it cant be helped.No, it cant, Belle said. any right, then. Get off. Get off them and get off me, I said.But you must do something, Belle said.What about? I asked.They didnt set the adobe markers right, Belle said. They have been laidnearer our cottage than theirs. Their half of the lawn is bigger than ours.Is that right? I asked. I walked to the window. It wasnt too dark to see theadobe markers gleaming in the ghostly light. I saw the flowers, too-the roses, the zinnias,the dahlias, the African daisies-swaying like specters in the night. Walking back to mychair, I looked up at the clock. It was getting on a quarter to nine. The clock began tochime just as I got to the lounging chair. I sat down and put my feet up on the stool.Their half of the lawn is bigger than ours, Belle said.Maybe they need all the lawn they can get so she can plant them all to flowers, Isaid.They havent divided the lawn fairly, Belle said.You mean the halves are not correspond? The halves are not halves? I asked.Whats the matter with you? Belle said.Whats the matter with him? I asked. Isnt he a doctor of mathematics or something? A fine doctor of mathematics hes turned out to be if he cant even divide bytwoWhats eat you? Belle asked.Maybe he should have brought a survey team with him and used a transit, a plumbline, and a pole, I said. Maybe he could divide by two then. Maybe he couldeven divide by ten.Dont tell me, Belle said, Tell him. Tell them.For crying out loud. I said.Go ahead, Belle said. Go over. Tell them off. Tell them where to get off.Get off, Belle, I said. Get off them.If you wont, I shall, Belle said.Get off me, I said.If you dont, I shall, Belle said. I shall right now.She started for the door.For crying out loud, Belle, I said. I dont know them well enough to speak tothem. I shall write them a note.All right, Belle said.The portable typewriter was in the case under my bed. I set it up at the head of the dining table. When I pulled my hands away from lifting the case, they were coveredwith dust. I remove the lid but didnt take the machine off its base. The inside cornersof the lid were spun with cobwebs. There were webs between the machine and the ridgeof the base. I couldnt find any white paper anywhere so I decided to use one sheet fromthe legal size pad of rules yellow paper.I didnt get a line the note. I made it short and to the point. It was fascinating to watchthe keys falling forward and then back leaving the black marks on the yellow sheet. As Ityped I heard the opening bars of Marriage of Figaro from the high fidelity radio- phonograph next door.(Mathematics and Mozart, I said. Mozart and Mathematics.)I typed on my name but didnt grade it. When I saw that I had not quite filled half the sheet, I folded it once a nd tore it in half. I fed the clean half back to the machine andhanded the other half to Belle. There you are. I said. Short and sweet I hope helikes it.Belle read the note. After she finished, she didnt say a word. Is it all right? Iasked.Yes, Belle said. Then send it off, I said.All right, Belle said. She called Nata and had the note delivered at once.I didnt get to hear Mozart to the end of the night. About halfway through theopera (that would be after Face I of the long playing record), the player was snapped off.Then I saw him leave their cottage.I sat up erect in my chair and watched him head bob up and down as he walkedout to Finchshafen street.When he turned up the road and I knew where he was going, Istood up. I walked up to the bury door and watched him walk up the cover walk tothe porch steps. He stopped at the foot of the stairs. I looked down through thewirescreen at his upturned character.Yes? I asked.Can I see you for a minute? he asked.Me? I asked.Yes, you, he sa id.Wont you come up? I asked.No, he said. Id much rather talk to you on the street.All right, I said. If thats the way you feel about it.I joined him at the foot of the porch steps. We walked down the cement walk together. As we went past the shelter of the cottage, a blast of the cold night air struck my face. I felt my leftfield cheek twitching.Yes? I asked. Whats on your mind?We walked down Finchshafen road. He didnt say anything for a long time. Ilooked at him. I had never speak to him before. He considered a long time, longenough for me to be able to look back at the family line to see if Belle was at the windowwatching.When he spoke, his first words were guide you and Belle been fighting? Itwas not only words, it was also the way he said them my left cheek was twitching so badly it was almost spastic. He had speak so softly and in such a low-pitched join I barely heard him. It was as if he didnt wish either his house or my house to hear as if we were conspirators both an d we were plotting a conspiracy together.Fighting? I asked. What about? What for? What are you talking about? Isought his face for the guilt that could only be the mirror of the guilt in my own.We stood in Finchshafen road halway between out cottages we were waiting tocatch the guilt upon our faces which nonetheless we were mortally aghast(predicate) to see? I stoodon the upper slope of the road towards our house and he stood on the lower slope in thedirection of his.Your note wasnt very friendly, he said. It wasnt very neighborly.Why should it be? I added. It wasnt meant to be.Oh, so, he said. It wasnt meant to be.You bet your life it wasnt, I said.Well, if thats the way you feel about it, he said.How else did you expect me to feel? I asked.In that case then, he said. You can appeal to authority and I shall not move theadobe blocks an inch.For Christ sake, I said. Who is talking about authority? Who is talking aboutadobe blocks?Dont raise your voice, he said.Why shouldnt I raise m y voice? I asked.Dont shout at me, he said.I shall shout at you if you please, I said.It was a cool clear lovely night. The sky was clear and cool and full of stars. Thesky and the stars seemed very far away but the air was clear and you could see all theway up to the sky and the stars and it seemed a long, long way. There was a very palemoon and a very cool wind was sweeping the pale moon and the white clouds before itall the way across the sky.Across and up and down Finchshafen road in the cottages, people were comingout of their porches to listen and to watch. I looked back at out house to see if Belle wasthere standing behind the window wirescreen and I looked at their house too.A plague on both our houses, I said.Belle wasnt on our porch when I looked I didnt hear her go down the porchsteps, down the concrete walk, out to and down Finchshafen road.I shouldnt even be talking to you this is pestilence, I said.I didnt feel Belle around until I heard her voice wage increase shrill and clear and abovethe snarl of our voices.She was standing beside me and before him and shouting in hisface.For Christ sake, Belle, I said. Let go. This is mans work.She couldnt hear me.Her voice rose clear and passionate, piercing and shrill in the inviolate night. I pulled at her arm to make her turn to me. I thrust my face savagely before her.For Christ sake, Belle, I said. Get off. This is my fight and the adversary ismine.Belle couldnt see me for the fury that possessed her purely.I sought her face but couldnt look there long. Even as I turned away I had afleeting glimpse of my declared adversarys face the shock there was not more than theshock of mine.For Christ sake, Belle, let go. This is mans work. I have met the enemy and heis mine. Let go, get off. This is my fight, not yours. The enemy is mine, I said as I pulled her and dragged her bodily away.

I Turned over the Question Paper

I turned over the question paper, I flipped through all the pages. I did non know how to function any of the questions. I racked my brain to recall what I had studied yesterday but I barely could remember anything. I viewed around the class and arrange all my classmates were poring over and solving the question papers intently. My bosom friend, Serene was sitting beside me at the corner of the class. I doubted I was the only one who was windlessness musing. The exam started at 10 a. m. and now the wall clock above the whiteboard was showing 10. 30 a. m. Time really flew, but I still had not even written a single word on my question paper.I started to have butterflies in my stomach. What can I do now? I kept asking myself. My brilliant yet filthy mind suddenly thought of an idea. I occasionally threw surreptitious glances at Serene. When I noticed fly the coop Lim was busy marking the exam papers, I rapidly threw a folded memo I had written to Serene Serene, please pass me your paper for just a couple of minutes. I could sense that she hesitated for a split second, however, she still handed her question paper to me in a swift manner so that exclude Lim would not have realised what we were actually doing.Serene was like my angel, she had always been part and parcel of my life since we had first met in Form 1. With lightning speed, I copied the answers favourably but apprehensively. My jubilance came to an abrupt end when I heard a discreet cough from behind. It was Miss Lim She speedily snatched the question papers from me and glanced at me with the eye of a hawk. It was too late for me to react when Serene beckoned me as I was profoundly concentrating with what I was doing. Then her creepy eyes turned to Serene who was conclusion to tears. Her tears had yet accumulated in her guilty eyes. Miss Lim was too dazed to even talk.I could sense that all eyes were looking at us at that moment. Regaining her composure, she asked all the students to continue wit h their exam and took us out of the class. Just then, she made a phone call to our well-known sphere teacher, Mr Lambert. Mr Lambert took us to his discipline room together with the question papers in his hand. He scrutinised the question papers attentively. We thought he would have scolded us as loud as thunder until the staffroom located a few miles away could hear us. Surprisingly, he did not. He looked at us with his smiley and warmth face. bust welled up in our eyes and we tried to hold them back.However, we could not. They started flowing down our cheeks. He waited with the patience of a saint until we had finished and asked us if we wanted to pick out him why and how everything had happened. We told him. I confessed that I was the one who insisted Serene to pass me her question paper. He gave us a lecture and warned us not to repeat the selfsame(prenominal) thing in future if not we would be suspended from school. Each of us was given a warning letter and our parents were called to the school. We vowed to Mr Lambert that we would never know again during examinations. From that day onwards, we were renowned to be the best cheaters ever.

British Imperialism: 1870-1914

There are many historical events that marked the British Imperialism of 1870 to 1914. Great Britains African rule was established and consolidated. This was thinked mainly in the East and Southern Africa. British won the conflict with the French in Fashoda in 1898. Further, Britain also defeated Dutch resistance in the Boer fight between 1899 and 1902. Britain also annexed Rhodesia into its territory. Great Britain got power over Burma and Malaysia. The two opium wars one in 1839 to 1842 and the second 1856 to 1860 widened the trade with China and the loss of Port of Vladivostok along the Pacific Ocean.Most importantly, Great Britain won the conflict for rule over India against France. The British East India club was instrumental in consolidating the British rule in India. The British policy was very clear and that was to exploit India economically. There were problems for the British no doubt, for instance on that point was the sepoy mutiny of 1857-58 that was quickly put down. Further, in 1885 Indian National Congress was established and that marked increased nationalism in India. This imperialism paid because during the World War I India supported Great Britain with men and finances (Matias.P 267). This brings us to the reason for British Imperialism between 1870 and 1914. The most important reason for the imperialism was economic. This was fuelled by the industrial revolution. This generated grown amounts of capital in Great Britain as well as a huge demand for raw materials to feed the factories. There was a need for Britain to acquire raw materials from abroad as well as seek investment opportunities for the new capital. Adding to this reason was the need to express nationalism. Imperialism provided Great Britain an opportunity to expand colonialism.There was a spirit of acquisition and a political race among the European countries to acquire more and more colonies (Laity, P. 74). Finally, the most powerful impetus in Great Britain was the military . The military exerted great power in Britain and the military stressed the need for Britain to rule importantly located areas and the need to set up military bases in constitute locations. To add to this cauldron of reasons was a religious fervor that favored imperialism. The extension of colonies was believed to be an act of humanitarianism in Great Britain.There are very compound opinions on what benefits imperialism brought to Britain. There are suggestions by economists that with unemployment and industrial stagnation at home, the export of capital was a miscalculation. Economists believed that Great Britain would have been frequently better rancid with its capital at home rather than investing it abroad in colonies. The investments in colonies were not believed to be productive. Capture of new markets and expansion of economic imperialism was lamentably behind schedule and satisfactory.Late 19th century capital investments in colonies were believed to be non-productive. The returns were lower than investments made back in Great Britain. On the other bowl over the argument that imperialism was humanist is nature is refuted by nationalist writers who discuss the economic costs of British imperialism to Britains colonies, most prominently India. These writers claim that the British did not bring finances, medical advancement or prosperity to India instead they brought with them a lasting legacy of backwardness and poverty.In other words it is argued that British imperialism brought economic balk both to Britain and its colonies. Those who insist that British Imperialism brought benefits assert that Great Britain brought economic openness to its colonies especially in the period 1870 to 1914. This openness was brought not only to African and Asiatic colonies but also to South America and Japan. In addition, the proponents of British Imperialism point out that Great Britain allowed some emigration to some of its colonies and so promoted the migratio n of labor from slight developed to more developed societies.Moreover, historians claim that British Imperialism led to greater movement of investment capital to agrarian societies. Further, in its colonies British Imperialism has brought about right governance that includes the right to private property, reasonable and efficient government, What the British did in its colonies was to hold taxes to moderate levels. The British Imperialism is reputed to have provided its colonies with honest governments there was not much nepotism. The government provided in the colonies was responsive to the needs of the people.The government and the law provided backing to enforcement of contracts and most importantly, the British imperialism provided in its colonies a right to individual liberty, especially against felony and putridness (Heyck, T, 35). The British established the common law in its colonies. From 1870s the British practiced the principle of keeping the tariffs low and the practi ce of cheap bread. In much of the British colonies the tariffs were also kept low except for the Dominions that were given the right to set their own tariffs in late nineteenth century.Had Britain withdrawn from its colonies in the late nineteenth century then larger tariffs would have been imposed against its exports and tariff barriers would have become the norm (Twaddle, M 17). The British Imperialism took place in the context of change magnitude tussle in Europe over strategic position, resources and esteem. During the period preceding 1870 that is between 1815 and 1871, Great Britain enjoyed profits of industrialization relatively easily. The British industry could aim expertly produced goods that could capture any market and out compete any other local products.However, the Franco-Prussian war in 1871 challenged the position of Britain. From the economic point of enchant what happened was that the industrial supremacy was gradually replaced with a need for financial conques t. In the latter half of the nineteenth century the industrial and commercial sluggishness in Britain spurred the formation of large companies and even conglomerates. The financial sector increased its influence over the British politics. There was a clamor that the government should protect the exotic investments.What prompted such demands was that the foreign investments were in assets like railroads and there was political unrest in several colonies where the investment had been made. In 1875 Britain purchased the shareholdings of the Egyptian ruler Ismail and managed to establish control over the Suez Canal. The French control in the area ended when the British occupied Egypt in 1882. After this the British wanted to control the Nile valley. For this they conquered Sudan between 1896 and 1898. The focus of the British Empire then focused on South Africa and in 1899 completed the takeover of that country.The British Empire had reaped great harvests from occupying Transvaal with its deposits of gold and the Orange renounce State (Cain, P 250). The British High Commissioner Alfred Miller pleaded for a British Empire that ranged from Cape to Cairo and that should be linked by railroad. This he explained would inspection and repair exploit the minerals of the region. The military still exercised its say in the expansion of its Imperialism. To counter the expansion of Russia in 1878, Great Britain occupied Cyprus and established a base there. On the other side Afghanistan was annexed and occupied to block any Russian advance in that direction.This military strategic advancement led to the gory confrontation in Tibet (1903 1904). Economic explanations were provided for the far ranging increase of the British Empire. The explanation was that Great Britain was trying to protect its shrinking markets. It was under these explanations that Great Britain modified its policies in 1890 and tried to piece of cake as much of the tropical African territories as possibl e. In India after the sepoy rebellion, there was a formal transfer of power from the British East India companionship to the British government.The Governor-General the highest Company official in India was now appointed by the British government. In 1876 Queen Victoria was proclaimed the Empress of India and replaced the administration with civil servants practised in top British Universities. The princely states of India accepted the lordship of British. In 1880s British imperialism saw its expansion with the occupation of Burma. To sum, the British Imperialism of 1870-1914 saw the almost unbridled growth of the British Empire that gave birth to the saying The sun never sets on the British Empire.Even though there were costs that Britain had to bear in general it made several gains and established itself as a superior economic, military and political power. Reference Cain, P. Hobson and Imperialism Hobson Imperialism C, Oxford University Press,2002. Heyck, T, A History of the P eoples of the British Isles Routledge, Great Britain, 2002. Laity, P. The British Peace Movement 1870-1914, Oxford University press, 2001. Matias. P, The First Industrial Nation The Economic History of Britain, Routledge, Great Britain, 1969. Twaddle, M. Imperialism and the State in the Third World, British Academy Press, 1992,

Preferred language style: English (U.S.) Essay

First, you should read these key documents relating to the definition and expression of us mogul. As you read, try to define for yourself as specifically as possible how you would assess usability. Remember, usability matters, because time matters the argument for usability is heavily based on efficiency, not on aesthetics or peoples rights not to be put upon. Jakob Nielsen, Kara Pernice Coyne, and Marie Tahir, Make it Usable. PC clipping 02. 06. 01. Available at http//www. pcmag. com/article2/0,4149,33821,00. asp Jakob Nielsen (2003) Usability 101 Introduction to Usability. alarm clock box, August 25 http//www. useit. com/alertbox/20030825. hypertext markup language The weathervane Style sharpen (2nd Edition) available at http//www. webstyleguide. com/index. html Usability First available at http//www. usabilityfirst. com/ Then comes the experiential comp iodinent of the case. It shouldnt cope you to long and will give you a omen of reference for what the debate is all virtua lly. Take the Web Usability Quiz free and online at http//www. humanfactors. com/training/web try out. asp You might actually want to try the quiz before you do the reading to check your prior knowledge.However, since your score is just between you and the machine, its up to you. But youll lounge around more out of it if you do take the quiz. Then, in a 3-5 page paper, cover the following questions What do you believe atomic number 18 the appropriate criteria for assessing usability? Who should make such judgments? How should disagreements about usability be single-minded? Usability plays a very important role in determining the efficiency of a website, and suggests the ability of the node to use the website (Neilson, 2001). It is a quality component and determines the easiness and the convenience in use the website (Neilson, 2003).The guest should take chances the website user-friendly and interesting (Neilson, 2001). In this article, the importance of usability to websit es is mentioned, but it could be applied to any area. As thither are countless number of websites providing pertinent nurture, people possess several options. Hence, if a website is badly designed, it would deliver from not being visualized by the node. The customer has to be involved during the construction stage itself to pick up that the website can be designed in the around appropriate manner.Another fact which should be noteworthy in this regard is that a customer would not return to the website if it is bad, as a negative fancy would already have been generated in the mind (Neilson, 2001). Before the website is launched, a sample of the potential customers should result feedback. Studies have shown that these potential users have provided appropriate feedback which was utilized and helped to improve the quality of the website. Many web-designers have made huge amount of corrections within a very short period of time, and with a little enthronisation after taking ad vice from the sample of the customers.Usually customers were lost right from the start of the homepage, were a registration of the customer was required (Neilson, 2001). Usability is likewise required for the website surviving in the market. Customers would leave the website at any given point of time, if it is difficult to use. Any information put in a difficult to read manner would also have the same consequence. It is very important that the website answers the questions of the user promptly (Neilson, 2003). Hence, the information presented should be very relevant and specific.In the industry of web designing, usability suggests that the designers are very efficient at the construction of a website. At the moment about 10 % of the construction of websites costs is spent on determining and improving the usability (Neilson, 2003). It is one of the areas a website production unit would be spending more compared to other quality areas (Neilson, 2003). There are several criteria for assessing usability. These include- 1. Efficiency The ability of the user to perform the activities mentioned, once they have learned the website.2. Learnability The ability of the user to perform the activities easily, once they are able to enter the website. 3. Satisfaction The pleasure derived in using the website. 4. Errors The chances of committing errors on the website, and the extent of these errors along with the ease in which they can be corrected. 5. Utility The ability to perish in an appropriate user-friendly manner, (Neilson, 2003). 6. Accessibility The customer should be provided with access to appropriate information in the website.This is one of the most important criteria a website should follow (Lynch and Horton, 2002). 7. User-friendly design The graphics and the texts available on the website should be balanced and prepared in a well-balanced manner. It should encourage good flow of information. The website should provide content and should be user-friend ly for only the target audience group. The navigation aids present on the website should be accessible. Sometimes, the user may require additional information, and in such circumstances an access touch on should be available.This access links should always be functional (Lynch and Horton, 2002). 8. Relevant information The website should provide relevant and current information. Sometimes, further details about the source from where the information is derived, would also be required. 9. Authors name and the Credentials of the author The website should be providing the authors name and the credentials of the author, so that the customer can also weight the accuracy and genuineness of the information provided. Judgments to improve the usability should be made by the potential customers.They should be called in at the designers office. The correction would be occurring in a process, which include- 1. Determine the objectives and the activities of the representative user At first, the users should be told the objectives of the website and they should be given sufficient information to proceed on to the next task. Each representative tasks should be written on a key page, and once the user finishes with one age, he/she could move on to the next page (Neilson, 2001). 2. The people testing the usability of the website should be placed in real-life instances.Their profile should suit that of the relevant audience the website wants to target. To test a busy site, 5 people should be utilized. The time each tester should spend ranges from 20 minutes to about 2 hours (Neilson, 2001). 3. The test sessions should be performed in a serene and a quiet environment. Usually, testing should be performed at one person at a time. However, if one tester cannot observe or discompose the other tester, the process can be done for several individuals at a time (Neilson, 2001). 4.The areas the testers put through certain difficulties should be observed immediately, and efforts should be made to correct them. The feedback and responses supplied by the testers is very important and should be utilized appropriately (Neilson, 2001). 5. Besides actually following the feedback and reactions of the user, several other issues can be sieve out by the designers to ensure that the usability of the website can be improved. Frequently, surveys may not convey precise information, and a lot depends on following the observations of the user.The information provided by a survey may frequently be misleading (Neilson, 2001). 6. During the process of testing, the designers should be quiet and observe what the representative user does or say. Anything said by the designers would affect the outcome of such a procedure (Neilson, 2003). Problems that could arise during testing- 1. The results obtained from one user may be similar to another user. In such a circumstance, it would be better to conduct the absolute procedure individually for each user or place them in rooms wher e one user cannot disturb another user (Neilson, 2003). 2.Frequently, the outcome of a testing may not be utilitarian if people not belonging to the target group are selected for testing. In such a circumstance, it would be better to select individuals (at least five of them belonging to the target group) (Neilson, 2003). 3. Users should not be told anything during the testing. Instead most of the talking should be done by the user. If too much talking is done by the testers, the users would get influenced, and real-life simulation would not be possible (Neilson, 2003). References Foraker Design. Usability in Website and Software Design. 2002. Usability First.2 Jun 2007 http//www. usabilityfirst. com/ pitying Factors. Web Usability Quiz. 1996. Human Factors. 2 Jun 2007 http//www. humanfactors. com/training/webquiz. asp Jakob Nielsen, Kara Pernice Coyne, and Marie Tahir, Make it Usable. 2001. PC Magazine. 2 Jun 2007 http//www. pcmag. com/article2/0,4149,33821,00. asp Jakob Nielse n, Usability 101 Introduction to Usability. 2003. Alert box. 2 Jun 2007 http//www. useit. com/alertbox/20030825. html Patrick Lynch and Sarah Horton. The Web Style Guide, Second Edition. Web Style Guide. 2 Jun 2007 http//www. webstyleguide. com/index. html